基于PWM的远程控制新型变量喷雾系统设计

针对目前地面植保喷雾机械的局限性,开发了一种新型的变量喷雾系统。该系统在保持电动离心喷头压力和流量不变的前提下,采用离心雾化方式,雾化盘由三相无感无刷直流电机带动,利用ARM控制器输出频率固定占空比不同PWM信号作为无刷直流电机电子调速器的油门转速信号,改变雾化盘的转速,从而改变雾滴的粒径大小及覆盖率等参数。该系统采用了一个功率较大的无线收发模块SI4432,最大距离达到2km范围(这也是和其他远程喷雾系统相比根本的优势),用单片机和上位机远程实时地控制雾化盘的转速,同时在上位机和液晶屏幕上显示占空比。最后,利用设计的变量喷雾平台,在喷头压力为0.5MPa、流量为2L/min、雾化盘直径为5 8 mm的条件下,获得了离心雾化喷头在不同的占空比对应的雾滴中值直径和覆盖率大小,通过上位机就可以实现电动离心喷头转速的较大范围的调整,可以在不同喷雾环境下针对不同的农作物使用这套系统。     

The value of vegetation cover for ecosystem services in the suburban context

Latin-American cities can be characterized by dynamic processes of urbanization that encroach upon the natural and semi-natural surrounding landscapes. Our study presents the effects of landscape development, transformed from semi-natural conditions into a mostly disperse suburban settlement. We explore the impact that this transformation has had on this context by three ecosystem services that regulate rainwater runoff, enhance microclimate conditions and help to improve air quality by monitoring vegetation cover. We have designed a spatio-temporal hierarchical analysis which employs remote sensing techniques to capture the structural changes of this landscape over long, medium and short term scales on two spatial levels. This methodological approach was tested in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago (MAS) as case study area. Despite of the increase in impervious surfaces due to urban processes, there has also been an increase in vegetation cover, which has led to an improvement in the provision of the above-mentioned ecosystem services. Hence, if diverse urbanization processes continue and they are coupled with an increase in vegetation cover, the provision of ecosystem services could also expand. This phenomenon can be observed in some areas, where public and private green spaces are created and maintained. Our data analyses give evidence that certain types of suburban areas which increase the share of vegetation cover can provide daily ecological benefits for urban neighborhoods, and beyond, for adjacent areas. Moreover, suburban development can successfully provide ecological benefits to citizens. Such processes can only be ecologically sustainable if the composition of vegetation is well-adapted to the regional climatic conditions.     

基于Landsat 8遥感影像的土地利用分类研究——以四川省红原县安曲示范区为例

以四川省红原县安曲示范社区2013年7月23日的Landsat 8OLI影像为数据源,参照国家土地利用分类标准,结合示范区的野外实际调查资料、数字高程模型、草地资源类型等辅助信息,建立了较为准确的解译标志。将目视解译结果视为地表真实状况,对非监督分类、监督分类和基于专家知识的决策树分类的结果进行精度验证。结果表明,监督分类方法对红原安曲示范区的土地利用分类结果与实际类别吻合最好,其分类总体精度可达85.02%,其中面积占示范区总面积约99%以上的草地、湿地、道路及水体的分类精度分别达88.66%、83.42%、83.73%和85.26%。     

甘肃省草原产草量动态监测模型

利用MODIS数据和地面实测资料,研究了甘肃省不同草原区的最适草原生物量遥感估算模型,并反演了甘肃省2005-2009年的草原产草量,分析了其空间分布特征.结果表明,不同草原区适合的植被指数和反演模型类型存异,其中河西走廊高平原荒漠草原区适合的植被指数是RVI、模型类型为对数模型,甘南高原草甸草原区适合的植被指数是EVI、模型类型为指数模型,而黄土高原温性草原区适合的植被指数是NDVI、模型类型为二次多项式模型.甘肃省2009年草原总产鲜草3 718.30万t,整体呈现东北低、西南高的空间变化过程,形成3个高产中心,分别是甘南高原、祁连山北麓中东段和陇南南部.与1985年相比,2005年草原明显减产(相对变化率V=19.34％),但2005-2009年间甘肃省草原产草量有总体上升的趋势.     

基于旋翼无人机低空遥感的高原鼠兔危害等级划分技术研究

高原鼠兔是青藏高原特有的小型啮齿动物,是高寒草地生态系统的关键种。科学合理防控高原鼠兔危害,对其危害程度开展监测和评价十分必要。通过无人机空中遥感平台并结合地面调查,以甘肃省玛曲县高原鼠兔危害草地为研究对象,选择不同危害程度的典型样地,采用自主设计的软件提取无人机影像中高原鼠兔洞口数、地上生物量、草地盖度等指标;构建了由洞口数、地上生物量、盖度和可食牧草比例组成的高原鼠兔危害等级综合指标体系,并对研究区样地进行危害等级划分。最终形成一套适用于高原鼠兔危害的低空遥感监测方法,可为后期高效、准确监测高原鼠兔危害提供有力的技术支持。主要结果如下：1）经实地人工调查结果验证,无人机影像洞口数量和植被盖度解译精度分别达到95%和93%。2）筛选了可见光波段差值植被指数VDVI作为估测地上生物量的最佳植被指数,并构建了估测模型。经实地调查验证平均精度为86.54%。3）构建了综合危害指数DRI,并提出了划分危害级别的各指标量化值。通过聚类分析将研究区鼠害地划分为5个等级,即I-无危害草地,Ⅱ-轻度危害草地,Ⅲ-中度危害草地,Ⅳ-重度危害草地,V-极度危害草地。     

Changes in Physical Properties of Soils with Land Use Time in the Brazilian Savanna Environment

Soils from central Brazil have been intensively used over the last decades because of the rapid conversion of savannas ( Cerrado ) into corn/soybean fields. The objective of this work is to study modifications in the physical properties of soils in the Rio Verde watershed, as a function of the land use time for agriculture, determined from classification of Landsat satellite images between 1980 and 2010. Soil samples were collected at surface (0–20 cm) and subsurface (20–40 cm) horizons for the different classes of land use time (<10, 10–20, 20–30, and >30 years). The following physical properties were measured: bulk density (BD), air permeability (K_a), penetration resistance (PR), microporosity (MI), macroporosity (MA), and total porosity (TP). Results showed a strong expansion with time of agriculture that occupied 35·3% (1980), 37·4% (1990), 51·3% (2000), and 60·9% (2010) of the watershed area. When properties were compared with those from the reference areas (preserved soils under native vegetation), significant differences were observed for all the physical attributes of soils for a land use time higher than 20 years. Overall, BD and PR increased with land use time, and the opposite was verified for K_a, MA, and TP. Some physical properties presented values (e.g., 1·54 g cm⁻³ for BD and 0.06 cm³ cm⁻³ for MA) close to the critical ones reported to affect crop development, but they were not still impacting on local soybean yield. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

坝上生态农业工程生态效益监测与评价研究

利用遥感技术、地理信息系统和全球定位系统对河北坝上实施生态农业工程建设后的生态效益进行了监测与评价。定量描述了坝上生态环境的动态变化趋势，并对坝上生态农业工程的气候效益、土壤改良效益、农业水文生态效益进行了分析与评价。研究结果表明，通过工程治理，使农业生态系统的功能增强，结构合理，取得了显著的生态效益。     

水稻地上鲜生物量的高光谱遥感估算模型研究

不同氮素营养水平的水稻田间试验,采用单变量线性与非线性拟合模型和逐步回归分析,用1999年试验数据为训练样本,建立水稻鲜生物量的高光谱遥感估算模型,用2000年试验数据作为测试样本数据,对其精度进行评价和验证.结果表明,高光谱变量与地上鲜生物量之间的线性与非线性拟合分析中,一些高光谱特征值如红边波长(λr)、绿峰最大     

改进CV模型在高分辨率遥感影像分割中的应用

针对遥感图像的特点及分割要求给出了一种CV简化模型,并对改进模型的正确性进行了实验验证.实验结果表明,该方法不但提高了运算速度,而且能够得到连续封闭的目标地物矢量数据,因此可方便地利用分割边界的几何特征实现地物目标的精确识别.     

基于MK—SVR模型的小麦叶面积指数遥感反演

提出了运用多核支持向量回归(MK-SVR)算法构建小麦叶面积指数(LAI)遥感监测模型。以2010—2013年试验样点小麦拔节、孕穗、开花3期的实测LAI数据为基础,同步获取我国自主研发的环境减灾卫星HJ-CCD对该研究区域的影像数据,分析了各生育期小麦LAI与8种植被指数间的相关性。以显著相关的植被指数作为输入参数,使用MK-SVR算法构建了每个生育期的小麦LAI反演模型,即MK-SVR-LAI模型。为了评价模型,每期使用单一核支持向量回归(SK-SVR)、偏最小二乘(PLS)回归算法构建了SK-SVR-LAI、PLS-LAI模型。将模型估算LAI值和田间观测LAI值进行比对,以决定系数(R2)和均方根误差(RMSE)为指标评价并比较了模型。结果表明:3个生育期MK-SVR-LAI模型的RMSE值均低于参比模型,拔节期为0.293 1,孕穗期为0.466 8,开花期为0.548 6,且该模型的R2也都最高,拔节期为0.762 4,孕穗期为0.801 8,开花期为0.668 9。